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Ancient Indian Burial Ground
in Natchez
       Pocahontas
Overview-Virginia
Emerald Mound

When the first colonists arrived at Jamestowne in 1607, they immediately met with Indian
people on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. These Indians belonged to a vast Powhatan
autocracy and spoke Algonquian languages. In the piedmont and mountain regions of this
area lived Siouan Indians of the Monacan and Mannahoac tribes, arranged in a confederation
ranging from the Roanoke River Valley to the Potomac River, and from the Fall Line at
Richmond and Fredericksburg west through the Blue Ridge Mountains.
At this time, the Virginia Siouans numbered more than 10,000 people. They were an
agricultural people who grew the “Three Sisters” crops of corn, beans and squash, and they
had domesticated a wide variety of other foods, including sunflowers, fruit trees, wild grapes
and nuts. They lived in villages with palisaded walls, and their homes were dome-shaped
structures of bark and reed mats. These Monacan ancestors hunted deer, elk and small
game, and they would leave their villages every year to visit their hunting camps. The
Monacans traded with the Powhatans to the east and the Iroquois to the north. They mined
copper, which they wore in necklaces, and which the Powhatans prized greatly. The
Monacans also buried their dead in mounds, a tradition that differentiates them from
neighboring Indian nations. Throughout the piedmont and mountain regions, thirteen
mounds have been identified and many excavated, yielding interesting information about the
lives of these First Americans, whose ancestors inhabited this region for more than 10,000
years.

Along Mississippi's scenic Natchez Trace Parkway sits an
immense flat-topped platform 35 feet high, spanning eight
acres. Emerald Mound, the second largest ceremonial
earthwork in the United States, was built over two centuries
before Columbus waded ashore in the Caribbean. The
Mississippians erected hundreds—maybe thousands—of
earthworks across the southeast while Europe was living
through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

As the Mississippians flourished, the mounds evolved into
urban centers with the common city problems of
overcrowding and waste disposal. Sometimes one large
flat-topped mound dominated a village or ceremonial
center. More often, as at Emerald, several mounds
surrounded a plaza, with the village at its edges. Structures
atop the plaza—temples or official residences—sat on large
four-sided flat-topped mounds. A palisade of saplings
surrounded the entire complex.
Unto These Hills

The Cherokees encountered their first white man in 1540,
Spaniards searching for gold. 250 years later Tecumseh, a
hotheaded warrior from the north urged the Cherokees to
go to war against the white man, but Junaluska with
counsel from Sequoyah decided it would be best to live in
peace with the white men. The Great Eagle Dance - a dance
of triumph from the past is performed to celebrate the victory
the Cherokees and the white men claimed at Horseshoe
Bend against other Indians that threatened the American
Nation, but the victory celebrations were to be short lived.
One of the most compelling outdoor dramas, Unto These
Hills, tells the tragic story of how the Cherokee ancestors
were forcefully driven out of the Great Smoky Mountains and
marched 1,200 miles to Oklahoma. You will never forget
how Tsali gave his life as sacrifice, so that a handful of his
people could remain on the land of their heritage.
Pamunkey Pottery
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